• Occasion Osnabrü Ckgs
• Occasion Osnabrü Ck T

Tadhg Ó hAnnracháin.Catholic reformation in Ireland: The mission of Rinuccini, 1645 - 1649. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 324 S. $74.00 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-820891-4.

Hampers Delivery in Neu-Ulm, Germany, Send Hampers to Neu-Ulm, Send Gifts to Neu-Ulm, Gourmet Hamper, Wine Hamper, Fresh Fruits Basket, Gift Baskets, Christmas Gifts to Neu-Ulm. Originally a Saxon settlement where Charlemagne established a bishopric in 785, the city was chartered in 1171 and was a Hanseatic League member known especially for its “Osnaburg” linen. The city accepted the Reformation in 1543 and remains predominantly Protestant. Simply enchanting and one of the most beautiful of the North is the historic Christmas Market in front of Town Hall and St Peter's Cathedral. Atmospheric bright lights illuminate the Old Town.

Reviewed by Nicholas Canny (Department of History, National University of Ireland, Galway)
Published on H-Albion (July, 2003)

The title alone will indicate the importance of this book since Ireland is one of those few countries in Europe where Catholicism prevailed as the majority religion despite repeated efforts of the authorities during the early modern centuries to suppress it. The significance of the subject is also evident because loyalty to Catholicism in today's Ireland (both north and south of the twentieth-century political border) exceeds that in most other European societies which, in former centuries, were closely identified with Catholicism. Moreover the demands of Catholicism, especially as these were articulated by the ultra-montane church of earlier centuries, continue to exercise considerable, albeit declining, influence on political choices in Ireland.

Despite the apparent importance of Catholicism in Irish life in past centuries, the subject of the Counter Reformation in Ireland (or Catholic Reformation as it is called here) has received but limited scholarly attention through the centuries. Moreover Archbishop GianBattista Rinuccini, Papal nuncio (1645-49) to the Catholic Confederation in Ireland, and the main protagonist in this volume, has earned but scant sympathy from Irish scholars and commentators, even when these have been committed Catholics and admirers of the Papacy.

These neglects can be explained by several factors. First the study of the Counter Reformation in Ireland, as opposed to the study of that movement in countries where Catholicism was the official religion of the state, has been hindered because scarcely any records of Irish Catholic parishes survive from any date previous to the late eighteenth century. Potential work on the Counter Reformation in Ireland has also been frustrated because the body of surviving Catholic sermons, reform literature, and catechetical texts is small, and relatively few Catholic bishops and priests from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries have left personal papers of consequence. Where Rinuccini is concerned, it goes without saying, historians of Protestant or secular disposition have had little interest in this agent of the Papacy other than to condemn him. At the same time Catholic writers, whether of nationalist or liberal inclinations, have portrayed him, however anachronistically, as an ultra-montane meddler with little understanding of the society which he aspired to mold to an alien pre-determined model.

In the light of such neglect Dr. Tadhg = hAnnrach=in is to be commended not only for his choice of subject but for his persistence in seeking to extract meaning on the Counter Reformation in Ireland from most unpromising sources. These include official documents from English, French, Spanish, and Vatican archives and the texts composed by Rinuccini during his lifetime. The outcome from = hAnnrach=in's investigation is an original and, in several respects, a startling book. His crowning achievement is his convincing reconstruction of the mental world of Archbishop Rinuccini based on the combination of a reading of Rinuccini's surviving writings, on the close study of Rinuccini's conduct as a reforming prelate in the Archdiocese of Fermo before he was appointed to Ireland, and on an appraisal of his actions in Ireland during the years of his nunciature. The portrait that emerges is of an austere, intelligent, learned, and rigidly disciplined individual who was unrelenting in his loyalty to Pope Innocent X and who comprehended his responsibilities in Ireland in the light of the broader involvement of the Papacy in European affairs, and especially in the context of the negotiations being conducted at M=nster that would lead to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. To this degree Rinuccini had a clearer understanding of what would be a satisfactory outcome of his involvement with Ireland than did most of his associates or opponents.

= hAnnrach=in explains that Rinuccini appreciated from the outset that any likely outcome from his Irish mission would fall short of the ideal since it would, in all likelihood, result in the Catholics of Ireland being subjected to a Protestant monarch. Lest this should occasion scandal that could weaken the Catholic demands at the negotiating tables of M=nster or Osnabr=ck, Rinuccini made it clear that any such flawed settlement would require the assurance that the monarch's viceroy in Ireland would henceforth be a Catholic, the guarantee that Catholicism in Ireland would be re-invested as a legally recognized public religion in Ireland, and the certainty that an episcopally controlled Catholic church in Ireland would enjoy an appropriate endowment which would ensure that it would not suffer interference from secular authority, whether of the state or of Catholic proprietors.

One of the more surprising findings of this book is that most bishops who had served in Ireland before Rinuccini's arrival there had reached much the same conclusion concerning the ideal conditions that would enable Catholicism to survive under the rule of a Protestant prince. On reflection this becomes comprehensible because all Irish bishops had been trained in seminaries on the Continent and some had spent time in ministry in Catholic societies before taking up appointment in Ireland. These, however, had previously kept their counsel largely to themselves because they had been reliant upon Catholic landowners--frequently their own kinsmen--to provide them with shelter and patronage as they attempted to minister surreptitiously against the wishes of potentially hostile state authorities. Rinuccini was not compromised as these Irish bishops had been, first because he was a stranger in Ireland with no countervailing loyalties besides those he owed to the Papacy, second because he served in Ireland during an interlude when Protestant state authority had been displaced by Catholic interests in those parts of the country in which he functioned, and third--and perhaps most critically--because he enjoyed financial independence from the Catholic community in Ireland thanks to the liberal subventions he had been accorded by the Pope.

Much of this book is devoted to the re-enactment of the tensions between the lay and clerical leaders of the Catholic Confederacy during the years of its existence. This sad tale has often been told, but where previous authors have attributed the ensuing political paralysis to Rinnucini, = hAnnrach=in attaches as much blame to 'the peace party'--a group of Old English lawyers and landowners who, as he demonstrates, proved 'duplicitous' in their dealings with Rinuccini whose money they coveted more than his counsel. The book hints that the Confederacy might have achieved more if it had followed Rinuccini's preferred policy of a coherent military policy in pursuit of clearly defined Catholic objectives. The pursuit of such a policy would, however, have meant offering the hypothetical crown of Ireland to a Catholic monarch on the Continent, in preference to King Charles I. Nobody seems seriously to have canvassed that option, and if they had done so they would probably not have found any monarch interested in being so honored.

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Citation: Nicholas Canny. Review of Ó hAnnracháin, Tadhg, Catholic reformation in Ireland: The mission of Rinuccini, 1645 - 1649.H-Albion, H-Net Reviews.July, 2003.
URL:http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=7878

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Franz Schall
Hauptmann Franz Schall was born on 1 June 1918 at Graz in Steiermark, Austria. He was a flak gunner early in the war but, on 1 September 1941, he began flying training. On completion of his training in February 1943, Schall was transferred to JG 52 on the Eastern Front. Leutnant Schall was assigned to 3./JG 52. He gained his first victory on 6 May 1943, when he shot down a Russian LaGG-5 fighter. On 1 August 1943, Schall recorded his 10th victory when he shot down a Russian Il-2 Sturmovik ground-attack aircraft. He recorded another two Il-2s shot down on 24 October to raise his victory total to 20. Schall’s victory total had reached 26 by the end of 1943. On 16 January 1944, Schall shot down three Russian fighters for his 30th through 32nd victories. He claimed his 40th victim, a Russian P-39 fighter, shot down on 19 April. Schall recorded 11 victories in May, including three P-39s shot down on 2 May (45-47), his 50th victory on 17 May 1944, another Il-2, and three enemy aircraft shot down on 30 May (51-53). He shot down an Il-2 and a P-39 on 4 June to raise his victory total to 60. In July, Schall recorded a further 10 victories, including three enemy aircraft on 14 July (65-67) and four on 16 July (70-73). Schall was appointed Staffelkapitän of 3./JG 52 on 11 August 1944. This would herald his most successful period of the war. In August he recorded 38 victories, including three enemy aircraft shot down on 12 August (74-76), three on 24 August (79-81), 11, including six Il-2s, on 26 August (83-93), three further Il-2s on 28 August (94-96) and 13, including 11 Il-2s, on 31 August (97-109). However, Schall was shot down by flak and required to make forced-landings on four occasions, including once behind Russian lines from which he successfully negotiated his way back to his unit. On 25 September 1944, Oberleutnant Schall was transferred to Eprobungskommando Nowotny, commanded by Major Walter Nowotny (258 victories, RK-Br) operating the new Me 262 jet fighter. He was assigned command of 2. Staffel. In the morning of 8 November 1944, he shot down three USAAF P-51 fighters (120-122) escorting a USAAF bomber raid but then suffered flameouts of both engines. While attempting to glide back to his base at Hesepe, he was intercepted by a P-51, piloted by Lt James Kenney of the 357th FG, which badly damaged Schall’s Me 262 A-1a (W.Nr. 110 404) “White 7”. Schall baled out only to see his aircraft explode. Following Major Walter Nowotny’s death on 8 November 1944, the surviving pilots and personnel from Eprobungskommando Nowotny were incorporated into JG 7. Hauptmann Schall led 10./JG 7, based at Oranienburg, and continued scoring with the Me 262 but many of his victories were never confirmed by disintegrating official sources. On 4 April 1945, Schall shot down a P-51 (131) but was then shot down himself. He baled out surviving unharmed. On 10 April 1945, Schall shot down a P-51, for his 133rd, and last, victory, but then attempted an emergency landing at Parchim. His aircraft rolled into a bomb crater and exploded, killing him instantly.
Franz Schall was credited with 133 victories in 530 missions. He recorded 116 victories over the Eastern front, including 61 Stormoviks. Of his 17 victories recorded over the Western front, all were gained flying the Me 262 jet fighter and include six four-engine bombers and 10 P-51 fighters.

No	Date	Time	A/c Type	Unit	Location / Comments
1	13:14	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	61 184: at 900m
2	30.5.1943	16:12	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	75 232: at 1.700m
3	10:25	Il-2	3./JG 52	76 823: at 300m
4	6.7.1943	18:45	Il-2	3./JG 52	61 654: at 500m
5	14:47	Il-2	3./JG 52	61 132: at 400m
6	13.7.1943	8:57	Il-7	3./JG 52	61 293: at 200m
7	13:10	Il-7	3./JG 52	62 883: tiefst.
8	18.7.1943	6:50	Il-7	3./JG 52	88 431: at 400m
9	18:12	Il-2	3./JG 52	88 267: at 100m
10	1.8.1943	10:38	Il-2	3./JG 52	88 283 at 200m
11	17:55	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	61 595 at 1.500m
12	25.9.1943	8:03	LaGG-3	3./JG 52	76 539: at 10m
13	14:35	Il-2	3./JG 52	66 865: at 100m
14	27.9.1943	14:43	Il-2	3./JG 52	76 772: at 100m
15	12:07	Il-2	3./JG 52	58 143: at 100m
16	21.10.1943	12:05	Il-2	3./JG 52	58 738: at 400m
17	13:15	Yak-7	3./JG 52	39 652: at 1.100m
18	23.10.1943	9:07	P-39	3./JG 52	58 561: at 2.500m
19	10:32	Il-2	3./JG 52	57 172: at 500m
20	24.10.1943	13:50	Il-2	3./JG 52	57 771: at 500m
21	14:15	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	48 512: at 1.000m
22	7.11.1943	15:05	U-2	3./JG 52	47 771: at 2m
23	15:06	U-2	3./JG 52	47 771: at 2m
24	7.11.1943	15:07	U-2	3./JG 52	47 771: at 2m
25	14:25	U-2	3./JG 52	47 771: tiefst.
26	9.11.1943	14:25	U-2	3./JG 52	47 771: tiefst.
27	14:16	Yak-9	3./JG 52	29392 at 2.500m
28	9.1.1944	14:05	P-39	3./JG 52	29382 at 3.500m
29	11:06	P-39	3./JG 52	19 492 at 1.000m
30	16.1.1944	9:34	Yak-9	3./JG 52	19 462 at 3.000m
31	11:51	P-39	3./JG 52	29 371 at 4.500m
32	16.1.1944	11:55	P-39	3./JG 52	29 381 at 3.000m
33	12:03	La-5	3./JG 52	29 523: tiefflug
34	17.1.1944	11:52	P-39	3./JG 52	29 383 at 1.500m
35	7:52	P-39	3./JG 52	66 641 at 200m
36	28.1.1944	15:00	Il-2	3./JG 52	66 641 at 200m
37	11:35	U-2	3./JG 52	38 664: tiefflug
38	24.2.1944	8:35	U-2	3./JG 52	38 564: tiefflug
39	14:45	R-5	3./JG 52	98 174: tiefst.
40	19.4.1944	13:48	P-39	3./JG 52	78 674: at 4.500m
41	18:00	Boston III	3./JG 52	97 343: at 3.000m
42	24.4.1944	18:20	Il-2	3./JG 52	87 634: tiefst.
43	18:26	Il-2	3./JG 52	87 632: tiefst.
44	28.4.1944	11:00	P-39	3./JG 52	78 674: at 800m
45	10:35	P-39	3./JG 52	68 682: at 1.000m
46	2.5.1944	14:30	P-39	3./JG 52	68 833: at 800m
47	15:13	P-39	3./JG 52	78 741: at 500m
48	15.5.1944	18:15	Il-2	3./JG 52	97 131: tiefst.
49	18:20	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	97 132: at 1.000m
50	17.5.1944	18:25	Il-2	3./JG 52	97 233: at 150m
51	4:20	P-39	3./JG 52	78 675: at 500m
52	30.5.1944	16:00	Il-2	3./JG 52	77 614: at 200m
53	16:05	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	78 684: at 200m
54	31.5.1944	6:05	Il-2	3./JG 52	78 685: at 200m
55	11:26	Il-2	3./JG 52	78 821: at 100m
56	1.6.1944	12:35	Yak-9	3./JG 52	78 679: tiefst.
57	11:50	Yak-9	3./JG 52	78 674: at 800m
58	3.6.1944	12:05	Il-2	3./JG 52	78 592: at 200m
59	16:14	Il-2	3./JG 52	78 231: at 30m
60	4.6.1944	16:22	P-39	3./JG 52	78 231: at 400m
61	9:05	Yak-9	3./JG 52	78 649: at 400m
62	26.6.1944	15:30	P-39	3./JG 52	49 655: at 7.000m
63	15:33	P-39	3./JG 52	49 663: at 5.000m
64	7.7.1944	16:55	Mitchell	3./JG 52	50 598: at 3.500m
65	12:00	P-39	3./JG 52	41 822: tiefst.
66	14.7.1944	12:05	Il-2	3./JG 52	51 741: tiefst.
67	12:08	Il-2	3./JG 52	51 751: tiefst.
68	15.7.1944	16:40	Il-2	3./JG 52	41 681:at 1.500m
69	16:44	Yak-9	3./JG 52	41 656: at 1.500m
70	16.7.1944	11:02	Il-2	3./JG 52	41 617: at 300m
71	11:03	Il-2	3./JG 52	41 655: at 300m
72	16.7.1944	15:36	Yak-9	3./JG 52	41 682: at 1.200m
73	15:40	Yak-9	3./JG 52	41 688: at 1.400m
74	12.8.1944	14:10	Yak-11	3./JG 52	11 379 at 1.000m
75	16:57	LaGG-5	3./JG 52	11 358 at 2.300m
76	12.8.1944	17:02	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 388 at 400m
77	18:45	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 415: at 500m
78	22.8.1944	18:50	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 336: at 500m
79	11:12	Yak-9	3./JG 52	11 418: at 500m
80	24.8.1944	14:25	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 755: at 400m
81	14:27	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 764: at 500m
82	25.8.1944	9:12	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 334: at 800m
83	11:08	Pe-2	3./JG 52	11 292: at 1.200m
84	26.8.1944	11:12	Pe-2	3./JG 52	11 323: at 1.200m
85	15:07	P-39	3./JG 52	11 189: at 4.000m
86	26.8.1944	15:15	P-39	3./JG 52	11 331: at 2.000m
87	17:15	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 324: at 1.000m
88	26.8.1944	17:17	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 357: at 500m
89	17:18	P-39	3./JG 52	11 379: at 1.000m
90	26.8.1944	18:50	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 183: at 500m
91	18:51	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 186: at 500m
92	26.8.1944	18:52	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 189: at 500m
93	18:54	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 185: at 500m
94	28.8.1944	12:30	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 322 at 800m
95	12:31	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 327 at 800m
96	28.8.1944	12:32	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 185: tiefst
97	12:54	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 185: at 150m
98	31.8.1944	14:10	P-39	3./JG 52	11 183: at 2.000m
99	14:11	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 185: at 1.500m
100	31.8.1944	14:12	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 189: at 300m
101	14:20	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 177: at 300m
102	31.8.1944	16:02	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 185: at 800m
103	16:03	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 322: at 400m
104	31.8.1944	16:04	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 327: at 100m
105	16:08	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 353: at 100m
106	31.8.1944	17:50	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 352: at 1.500m
107	17:52	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 353: at 200m
108	31.8.1944	17:54	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 362: at 200m
109	19:01	P-39	3./JG 52	11 185: at 2.000m
110	1.9.1944	10:00	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 411: at 600m
111	10:01	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 415: tiefflug
112	1.9.1944	10:04	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 418: at tiefflug
113	14:04	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 181: at 200m
114	1.9.1944	14:06	Il-2	3./JG 52	11 321: at 600m
115	10:00	P-39	3./JG 52	-
116	2.9.1944	10:03	Il-2	3./JG 52	-
117	-	B-24	2./Kdo Nowotny	Magdeburg-Rothensee
118	28.10.1944	12:04	P-51	2./Kdo Nowotny	Goesfeld
119	10:57	P-47	2./Kdo Nowotny	Dummer-See
120	8.11.1944	10:00	P-51	2./Kdo Nowotny	Osnabrück
121	10:36	P-51	2./Kdo Nowotny	Osnabrück
122	8.11.1944	10:47	P-51	2./Kdo Nowotny	Osnabrück / probably P-51 of 359FG, USAAF flown by Lt William L Hoffert, baled out
123	11:14~	P-51	10./JG 7	Nauen-Rathenow-Brandenburg-Potsdam / Probably P-51 of 361FG, USAAF flown by Lt Norman E Jentz, baled out
124	19.3.1945	-	B-17	10./JG 7	N Chemnitz
125	9:15~	P-51	10./JG 7	near Achmer / Possibly P-51 of 364FG, USAAF flown by Lt Cornelius C Howard, killed
126	22.3.1945	12:45~	P-51	10./JG 7	Cottbus-Bautzen-Dresden
127	-	B-17	10./JG 7	near Wittenberg
128	25.3.1945	10:10	P-51	10./JG 7	-
129	-	Lancaster	10./JG 7	Hamburg
130	31.3.1945	-	Lancaster	10./JG 7	Hamburg
131	-	P-51	10./JG 7	S Bremen
132	9.4.1945	-	Lancaster	10./JG 7	Hamburg
133	-	P-51	10./JG 7	-

Victories : 133
Awards : Ehrenpokal (22 February 1944)
Deutsches Kreuz in Gold (20 March 1944)

Occasion Osnabrü Ckgs

Occasion Osnabrü Ck T

Ritterkreuz (10 October 1944)
Units : JG 52, Kommando Nowotny, JG 7